Tambora Eruption

Mystery and Timeline eruption of Tambora, Three Kingdoms Destroyed

Mount Tambora on Sumbawa Island Indonesia

Last eruption                                    : Start, 10 April 1815 - Erupt, 17 April 1815.

Magma Spit                                     : 100 km³.

Removable ash (cubic)                     : 400 km³ of dust into space.

High ash                                           : 44 km from the surface of the ground.

Burst of ash                                     : 1300km.

Radius sound eruption                      : 2600 km

Deposition of pyroclastic flow          : 7-20m

Tsunami along the coast                   : the extent to 1200km, 1-4m high, in Maluku tsunami up to 2 meters

Direct victims of the eruption            : 117,000 killed.

Kingdom destroyed by the eruption  : Tambora kingdom, Pekat kingdom and the Sanggar Kingdom.

A Year Without Summer ...

10 April in 1815. Mount Tambora erupted with so powerful, even more powerful than Mount Krakatoa. Sound of thunder is heard up to the island of Sumatra on 10-11 April 1815 (more than 2,600 miles of Mount Tambora) was initially considered as the voice of a rifle shot. At 7:00 pm on 10 April, the eruption is getting stronger

Three rows of flame radiates and join. The whole mountain turned into a large stream of fire. Floating rocks with a diameter of 20 cm began to rain at 8:00 pm, followed by ash at 9: 00-10: 00 pm.

Hot pyroclastic flows flowing down towards the sea on all sides of the peninsula, destroy the village of Tambora. Explosions were heard until the afternoon on 11 April. Abu spread to West Java and South Sulawesi. The smell of "nitrate" wafted in Batavia and heavy rains accompanied by ash tephra fall, eventually returning Tambora eruption began to subside between the date 11 and 17 April 1815 and at the same time eliminate the three kingdoms at that time ....

Spread of volcanic ash as high as tens of kilometers affect climate across the entire planet, closing the sun for months and months ... Earth's north and south remains to be cold ... In Europe and North America was still covered with volcanic ash sun and make the area remains cool even in the summer. Millions of people are starving, lying sprawled corpse, all the plants wither and die as a result of the absence of the sun throughout the year. Snow never liquid, terrible .... The period known worldwide as "The Year that is not through the summer" or "A year without summer" ....

Mount Tambora (or Tomboro) is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. The mountain is located in the two districts, namely Dompu (south side of the leg portion to the northwest, and Bima (part of the south side of the slope to the northwest, and the feet to the east side of the peak to the north), West Nusa Tenggara Province.

Eruption History

Using radiocarbon dating techniques, stated that Mount Tambora had erupted three times before the eruption in 1815, but the magnitude of the eruption is unknown.

The third estimate of Tambora eruption occurred in the year:

- The first eruption: 39 910 BC, during ± 200 years

- The second eruption: 3,050 BC

- The third eruption: 740 BC, during ± 150 years.

The third eruption eruption has the same characteristics. Each eruption had a major eruption in the hole, but there are exceptions to the third eruption.

But on the third eruption, there is a pyroclastic flow.

In 1812, Mount Tambora become more active, with the peak of eruption occurred in April 1815.

This eruption large-scale entry into seven Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), the number of bursts of tephra of 1.6 × 1011 cubic meters.

Characteristics of eruptions including the eruption in the main hole, pyroclastic flows, loss of life, damage to soil and land, the tsunami and the collapse of the caldera.

The third eruption affect global climate in a long time. The eruption of Tambora activity after a new stop on July 15, 1815.

At the time of the eruption, some Dutch people in Surabaya noted in his diary said she heard the explosion, also some people in the Northwestern part of the Australian continent.

They thought it was just the sound of thunder because suddenly the clouds that make dim sunlight.

But they are not sure because they believe the cloud, it is smoke and volcanic ash.

And that is down to earth is not the end but the dust and small pebbles!

The eruption of Mount Tambora is the most powerful volcanic eruption ever recorded of all time in the modern era.

At the time of Mount Tambora erupted, local radius of approximately 600 miles of Mount Tambora pitch dark all day almost a week old.

Eruption that sounds, exceeding 2000 km distance and the Earth's temperature decreases to some degree that caused the Earth to cool down due to volcanic ash blocked sunlight for several months.

So the impact also to the regions of Europe and North America experienced a winter that long.

While Australia and South Africa region snowing in summer.

This event is known as "the year without summer" or the year without a summer.

The next activity then occurred in August 1819 in the presence of a small eruption of fire and noise rumble with aftershocks that are considered as part of the 1815 eruption.

The eruption was entered in the second scale on the VEI scale.

Around 1880 (± 30 years), Tambora erupted, but only within the caldera. These eruptions create small lava flows and lava dome extrusion, which then formed a new crater named Doro Api Toi in the caldera.

Mount Tambora is still active status. Small lava domes and lava flows still occur on the floor of the caldera in the 19th century and 20th century.

The last eruption occurred in 1967, which was accompanied by an earthquake and measured on a scale of 0 VEI, which means an eruption occurs without an explosion.

The total volume of issued Mount Tambora erupted terrific nearly 200 years ago to 150 cubic kilometers, or 150 billion cubic meters. Ash fallout deposits recorded as far as 1,300 kilometers from its source.

Researchers from the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Igan Supriatman Sutawidjaja, writing, "characterization of Volcanic Deposits and Geoarchaeological Studies from the 1815 Eruption of Tambora Volcano", said a hot cloud distribution is estimated at 820 square kilometers area.

The total amount of combined heat clouds (pyroclastic) and rocks totaling 874 square kilometers. The thickness of the hot clouds an average of 7 meters, but there are up to 20 meters.

Dutch botanist, Junghuhn, in "The Eruption of G Tambora in 1815", writes, four years after the eruption, as far as the eye can see is pumice.

Sailing hampered by large floating rocks that meets the ocean. All that life has become extinct. Earth is so awful and empty.

Junghuhn make the description was based on reports Disterdijk who came to Tambora on 16 August 1819 with The Dutch Residence of Bima. Tambora eruption is awesome, even the strongest ever recorded in the history of modern man.

Tambora eruption magnitude, based Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), located on a scale of 7 of 8, only losing to the eruption of Mount Toba (North Sumatra), about 74,000 years ago, which is on a scale of 8.

Tambora is split now

The eruption of Mount Tambora is also noted as the most deadly eruption.

The death toll from this mountain reaches over 71,000 inhabitants but some experts put the figure at 91,000 souls.

A total of 10,000 people died as a direct result of the eruption and the remainder due to famine and disease of whack.

This amount does not include deaths that occur in other countries, including Europe and the United States, which suffered famine as a result of Tambora volcanic ash that caused the year without a summer in the two continents.

Even in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte lost the war because of the effect of Mount Tambora this.

Here's a summary of the report when the eruption of Mount Tambora testimony occurs, which is abstracted from the "Transactions of the Batavian Society" Vol VIII, in 1816, and and "The Asiatic Journal" Vol II, December 1816.

Sumenep (Sumenep), 10 April 1815

The afternoon of the 10th, being very loud explosion, one of the blasts even rocked the city, like a cannon shot.

By late afternoon the next day, the atmosphere is so thick that it had to use candles at 16.00.

At 19.00 hours on 11, the flow of the water receded, followed by swift water of the bay, causing the water level rises of up to 4 feet and then recede back within four minutes.

Banyuwangi (Banyuwangi), 10 April 1815

On April 10 evening, the more frequent explosions shook the earth and the sea with cruel. Towards morning, the explosion is reduced and continued to decrease slowly until it completely stops on the 14th.

Fort Marlboro (Bengkulu), 11 April 1815

His voice was heard by some people in the neighborhood on the morning of 11 April 1815.

Some leaders reported a firearm attack continuously since dawn. People were sent to the investigation, but did not find anything.

The same sound is also heard in the territories Saloomah, Manna, Paddang, Moco-moco, and other areas. A foreigner living in the Gulf Semanco writing, prior to the date of 11 April 1815 heard cannon fire all day.

Besuki (Besuki, East Java), 11 April 1815

We wrapped in darkness on April 11 from 16:00 until 14:00 on 12 April. Land covered with dust 2 inches thick.

The same thing happened in Probolinggo and Panarukan, continued until at Bangeewangee (Banyuwangi) 10-12 inch thick dust covered. Oceans even more severe consequences of the eruption. Eruption voice heard as far as 600-700 miles.

Grissee (Gresik, East Java), 12 April 1815

At 09.00, there was no light in the morning. The thick layer of ash covered patio door in Kradenan. 11:00 am forced to breakfast by candlelight, the birds start chirping approaching daylight.

Two scientists are investigating traces of civilization that has disappeared near Mount Tambora.

11:30 am starting to look sun broke through the thick ash cloud. 05.00 is getting brighter, but still can not read or write without candlelight.

No one who remembered or recorded in the tradition of such great eruption.

Anyone seen the incident as a transitional return of the old government.

Others saw it from the side of the superstitions and legends that are no Nyai Loro Kidul wedding celebration (Queen of the South) who was to marry one of her children.

Then he was fired artillery supernatural as a tribute. Residents call the falling ash derived from Nyai Loro Kidul ammunition.

Makassar 12-15 April 1815

Dated April 12 to 15 is still thin and dusty air, the sun was still blocked.

With a little and sometimes no wind at all. The morning of April 15, we sailed from Makassar with a slight breeze.

Above sea floating pumice stones, and the water was covered in dust. Along the beach, the sand looks mixed with black stones, fallen trees. The boat is very difficult to penetrate the Gulf Milky because the sea is completely covered.

the rest of the kingdom of Tambora civilization buried

Heinrich Zollinger, Junior Researcher Revisiting Mount Tambora in 1847

Heinrich Zollinger is the researcher who first set foot on the mountain after the Tambora show anger. Zollinger linger in 1847 or 32 years after a catastrophic eruption of the impact on climate change.

He climbed and climbed the cliff ruins when Tambora still warm wrapped in a puff of smoke that burst into the sky.

Heinrich Zollinger-researcher-first-mountain-identifiable Tambora-1847

Heinrich Zollinger bust that is remembered in Botanischer Garten Zürich (Roland zh / Wikimedia Commons)

Zollinger a Swiss botanist who designated the Netherlands as an official plant collectors in the Dutch East Indies archipelago country in 1842.

His job doing science expedition financed by the government. Residence in a rural villa Tjikoja-now-residency Cikuya Banten.

Initially he collects the data of plants in the environment Banten and Buitenczorg-now Bogor.

He merambahi from Anyer beach area, Tangerang City, to the valley and mountains, including Gede Pangrango, Salak, and Tangkubanperahu.

The following year he merambahi residence in the mountain god Guarantee, Semeru, Arjuna and the mountains in the other East Java.

royal porcelain plates and bowls Tambora

In 1844 Zollinger record of success at the peak of Mount Welirang, one of the twin towers in Java.

Collection prospectus collected plant Zollinger, one of them, sent to Professor Alexander Moritzi, naturalist Swiss origin who worked in Solothurn, Switzerland. Moritzi later helped him in terms of naming, numbering, and distribution.

In 1847, his adventures up to Sumbawa. Zollinger goal is to study the Tambora eruption of the past that have an impact on the local natural balance and recovery.

Heinrich Zollinger

Zollinger crawl Tambora slope until it reaches the lips caldera at an altitude of about 2,851 meters. According to him, before a catastrophic eruption in 1815, reaching a high Tambora nearly 4,000 meters!

Zollinger returned to Switzerland in 1847, then he served as director of the seminary in Kussnacht, Switzerland. New in 1855 he returned to Java as an independent botanist and plant collector. The second expedition in the Indies began.

The cost of traveling to remote Indian herbarium obtained through prospectus shipment to scientists in Europe. In addition to earning money on consignment services, Zollinger also receive protection during his travels in the form of life insurance.

Tambora crater this time, the diameter from 6.5 to 7 km, in the 1-1.2 km

Zollinger known as the author of numerous scientific journals and publications. He found many rare plant species, some of which are new species. Many thoughts have flowed from the tip of the ink, among other fields of geology, meteorology, mollusks in Rakata, plant taxonomy, and some related things about the vegetation in the Dutch East Indies.

Herbariumnya collection has spread in various herbaria in Switzerland and France. However, the main collection is now kept in the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland at Universiteit Leiden and Utrecht.

Zollinger great fever while on an expedition in Kandangan, a village on the southeast slope of Mount Tengger, East Java. He tarjangkit malaria-one of the biggest threats to the 19th-century explorer-later killed in the village on May 19, 1859. When the age of 41 years.

Now, his name is remembered in a plaque in the Botanischer Garten Zürich (Zurich Botanic Gardens), Switzerland. Some of the names of plants in Indonesia perpetuate his name.

For example, two of the hundreds of medicinal plants used around the area residents Hazy-Salak is Flacourtia Rukam Zollinger & Moritzi and Schismatoglottis rupstris Zollinger & Moritzi.

In his explorations around ten years in the Dutch East Indies, Zollinger has provided more than 270 specimens.

More than 20 species of plants, seaweed and mushrooms using the name "zollingerii" as part of the Latin naming. A great and useful contribution to science. (Mahandis Y. Thamrin / NatGeoInd)

Tambora crater